{"id":29274,"date":"2010-10-19T09:04:46","date_gmt":"2010-10-19T02:04:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nano2.toolsmkt.com\/?p=718"},"modified":"2010-10-19T09:04:46","modified_gmt":"2010-10-19T02:04:46","slug":"phonons-tunnel-across-the-vacuum","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nanotec.or.th\/en\/phonons-tunnel-across-the-vacuum\/","title":{"rendered":"Phonons tunnel across the vacuum"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Heat can be conducted across a nanometre-sized  vacuum gap \u2013 something that was deemed impossible until now. So say  researchers at the Air Force Research Laboratory in Ohio who have found  that the heat is transferred via an effect called &#8220;phonon tunnelling&#8221; in  which quantized molecular vibrations, called phonons, appear to  traverse the forbidden zone. The finding could be important for  improving thermoelectric devices and for future nanoscale electronic  circuits.<\/p>\n<div>\n<div><a title=\"This diagram shows a thermally vibrating image charge (thermal mirage), induced on sample surface by electric field of STM tip. (Courtesy: Igor Altfeder)\" href=\"http:\/\/images.iop.org\/objects\/ntw\/news\/9\/10\/13\/phon1.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"Diagram illustrating a thermally vibrating image charge\" src=\"http:\/\/images.iop.org\/objects\/ntw\/news\/thumb\/9\/10\/13\/phon1.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram illustrating a thermally vibrating image charge\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<a title=\"This diagram shows a thermally vibrating image charge (thermal mirage), induced on sample surface by electric field of STM tip. (Courtesy: Igor Altfeder)\" href=\"http:\/\/images.iop.org\/objects\/ntw\/news\/9\/10\/13\/phon1.jpg\">Thermal mirage<\/a><\/div>\n<p>Heat flow between two objects via conduction can normally only occur  when the objects are in contact with each other. This process occurs  when phonons \u2013 quanta of vibrational energy \u2013 are transferred from the  hotter object to the cooler one. Until now, such transfer was thought to  be impossible between non-touching objects in a vacuum because the  vacuum is a forbidden zone for phonons, explains team member Igor  Altfeder.<\/p>\n<p>The US team has now turned this idea on its head by actually  measuring the heat flow between the nanosized platinum-iridium tip of a  scanning tunnelling microscope held at room temperature and a cold  surface made of gold. The two objects were separated in a vacuum by a  0.3\u00a0nm thin gap. The tip was held at room temperature while the gold  surface was cooled to 90, 150 or 210\u00a0K.<\/p>\n<h3>Tunnelling, not radiating<\/h3>\n<p>The researchers found that the thermal energy transmitted through the tiny gap exceeds the Planck&#8217;s radiation by <em>c<\/em><sup>2<\/sup>\/<em>v<\/em><sup>2<\/sup> =\u00a010<sup>10<\/sup> (where <em>c<\/em> is the speed of light and <em>v<\/em> the speed of sound). According to their measurements, this means that  the last atom at the nanosized tip dissipates heat an astonishing 10<sup>10<\/sup> times faster than normal by generating phonons inside the gold. And,  contrary to earlier hypotheses, the heat transfer is not due to the tip  emitting radiation into the vacuum.<\/p>\n<p>Altfeder and colleagues obtained their results by applying a  range of voltages between the &#8220;hot&#8221; microscope tip and the cold surface.  The researchers then recorded the current produced by electrons  travelling across the gap. Because these electrons are directly affected  by thermal vibrations in both materials, a measure of this current can  be used to calculate the temperature of the tip apex. &#8220;The fact that  this temperature nearly coincides with the temperature of the sample  tells us that the energy escapes from the tip apex at an enormous rate,&#8221;  Altfeder said.<\/p>\n<p>According to the AFRL team, the phonon tunnelling is driven by  electric fields between the two objects. These electric fields, which  exist because the work functions (the minimum of the tip and sample  materials) are different, cause the microscope tip and its &#8220;image  charge&#8221; inside a sample to vibrate in unison. In other words, the  electric fields at the tip apex cause electrons in the top layer of the  gold surface to vibrate at the same rate.<\/p>\n<p>The result could be important for improving thermoelectric  devices, interfacial transport at the micro scale and designing future  molecular circuits, says Altfeder.<\/p>\n<p>The work, which was reported in <em>Physical Review Letters<\/em>,  backs up recent theoretical studies by Mika Prunnila and Johanna Meltaus  of the VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland that predicted phonon  tunnelling between piezoelectric materials. In an American Physical  Society press release, Prunnila was quoted as saying that the new  research might find applications in nanoelectronics, and in devices that  harvest energy from temperature gradients.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"aboutTheAuthor\">\n<h3>About the author<\/h3>\n<p>Belle Dum\u00e9 is a contributing editor to <em>nanotechweb.org<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Source: <span style=\"font-size: x-small;\">http:\/\/nanotechweb.org\/cws\/m\/1873\/284783\/article\/tech\/44028<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Heat can be conducted across a nanometre-sized vacuum gap \u2013 something that was deemed impossible until now. So say researchers [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[34],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-29274","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-technology-update"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Phonons tunnel across the vacuum - National Nanotechnology Center<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nanotec.or.th\/en\/phonons-tunnel-across-the-vacuum\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Phonons tunnel across the vacuum - National Nanotechnology Center\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Heat can be conducted across a nanometre-sized vacuum gap \u2013 something that was deemed impossible until now. 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